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1.
Chinese Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics ; (12): 98-103, 2023.
Article in Chinese | WPRIM | ID: wpr-971046

ABSTRACT

Atomoxetine is the first non-stimulant drug for the treatment of children and adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and its safety and efficacy show significant differences in the pediatric population. This article reviews the genetic factors influencing the pharmacokinetic differences of atomoxetine from the aspect of the gene polymorphisms of the major metabolizing enzyme CYP2D6 of atomoxetine, and then from the perspective of therapeutic drug monitoring, this article summarizes the reference ranges of the effective concentration of atomoxetine in children with ADHD proposed by several studies. In general, there is an association between the peak plasma concentration of atomoxetine and clinical efficacy, but with a lack of data from the Chinese pediatric population. Therefore, it is necessary to establish related clinical indicators for atomoxetine exposure, define the therapeutic exposure range of children with ADHD in China, and combine CYP2D6 genotyping to provide support for the precision medication of atomoxetine.


Subject(s)
Adult , Child , Humans , Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Atomoxetine Hydrochloride/therapeutic use , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/genetics , Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6/therapeutic use , Drug Monitoring , Genetic Testing , Propylamines/therapeutic use , Treatment Outcome
2.
Medicina (B.Aires) ; 79(1,supl.1): 68-71, abr. 2019. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1002608

ABSTRACT

El trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad (TDAH) es un trastorno del neurodesarrollo complejo y heterogéneo, de carácter crónico, de etiología multifactorial, principalmente debida a factores genéticos y ambientales. Realizamos un estudio analítico retrospectivo del tratamiento de niños diagnosticados de TDAH. Se estudió una muestra de 82 niños diagnosticados de TDAH (74.4% niños y 25.6% niñas). El 96.3% de los casos presentaba algún trastorno asociado. El tratamiento farmacológico fue el tratamiento de elección (90.2%). El 46.0% recibía metilfenidato de liberación inmediata, un 51.4% metilfenidato de liberación sostenida y la atomoxetina solo se recetó en un 2.7% de los casos. El 20.3% de la muestra abandonó en algún momento el tratamiento farmacológico. El tratamiento farmacológico fue la opción más utilizada en nuestra muestra, y el metilfenidato de liberación inmediata el fármaco de elección para inicio del tratamiento. Se utilizan poco las alternativas a los estimulantes. No se encontraron diferencias significativas entre el tipo de tratamiento y el subtipo de TDAH o el género, aunque sí en cuanto a la edad de inicio del tratamiento.


Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a complex and heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder, of a chronic nature, of multifactorial etiology, mainly due to genetic and environmental factors. We conducted a retrospective analytical study of the t herapeutic management of children diagnosed with ADHD. A sample of 82 children diagnosed with ADHD (74.4% children and 25.6% girls) was studied. 96.3% of the cases presented some associated disorder. Pharmacological treatment was the treatment of choice (90.2%). 46.0% received immediate release methylphenidate, 51.4% sustained release methylphenidate and atomoxetine was only prescribed in 2.7% of patients. 20.3% of the sample abandoned pharmacological treatment at some point. Pharmacological treatment was the most frequent option in our sample, and methylphenidate immediate release the drug of choice for treatment initiation. The alternatives to stimulants are used in very low percentage of the patient. No significant differences were found between the type of treatment regarding the subtype of ADHD or gender, but we found significant difference in relation with the age of onset of treatment.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/drug therapy , Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Atomoxetine Hydrochloride/therapeutic use , Central Nervous System Stimulants/therapeutic use , Methylphenidate/therapeutic use , Patient Dropouts/statistics & numerical data , Psychotherapy , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/classification , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/therapy , Retrospective Studies , Sex Distribution , Age Distribution
4.
Medwave ; 12(8)sept. 2012. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-684301

ABSTRACT

Introducción: el Trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad (TDAH) dispone de intervenciones farmacológicas como los psicoestimulantes. El más usado es el metilfenidato y posteriormente se ha incluido la atomoxetina. Objetivo: identificar, sintetizar y evaluar la mejor evidencia disponible sobre la efectividad y seguridad de la atomoxetina en el tratamiento en déficit atencional en la población de 6 a 19 años. Métodos: se realizó una revisión sistemática de estudios de intervenciones, que evaluaron efectividad comparada de atomoxetina con placebo y metilfenidato. Las medidas fueron funcionamiento educacional, funcionamiento psicosocial, calidad de vida y efectos adversos. Se consultó en bases de datos hasta febrero de 2012 en inglés y castellano: PubMed, LILACS, Cochrane, DARE y National Guideline Clearinghouse. Los artículos incluidos fueron evaluados por dos investigadores en forma independiente. Resultados: de los 108 estudios encontrados inicialmente, se incluyeron 11, entre ellos 5 revisiones sistemáticas, un artículo primario y 5 guías clínicas. Conclusiones: la atomoxetina se recomienda como segunda opción en el TDAH por ser superior al placebo, cuando falla el metilfenidato o hay presencia de comorbilidades.


Introduction: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is generally treated with pharmacological interventions such as psychostimulants. The most used widely used one is methylphenidate followed by atomoxetine. Purpose: To identify, synthesize and evaluate the best available evidence on the effectiveness and safety of atomoxetine in ADHD treatment in the 6-19 year-old population. Methods: A systematic review of intervention studies that evaluated effectiveness of atomoxetine compared with placebo and methylphenidate was conducted. Outcomes assessed were educational functioning, psychosocial functioning, quality of life and adverse effects. The search was done up to February 2012 in English and Spanish in the following databases: PubMed/MEDLINE, LILACS, Cochrane, DARE and National Guideline Clearinghouse. The articles were independently evaluated by two investigators. Results: Of the 108 studies found initially, 11 were included, among which five systematic reviews, one primary article and 5 clinical guidelines. Conclusions: Atomoxetine is recommended as a second option in ADHD and was found to be superior to placebo. Its use is recommended when methylphenidate fails or comorbidities are present.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adolescent , Female , Child , Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Propylamines/therapeutic use , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/drug therapy , Evidence-Based Medicine , Methylphenidate/therapeutic use , Safety , Treatment Outcome
5.
Indian J Pediatr ; 2009 Dec; 76(12): 1261-1262
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-142454

ABSTRACT

A 7 year girl presented with history of recurrent vomiting and altered sensonium. Laboratory investigators were within normal limits. A diagnosis of cyclic vomiting syndrome was made and treated with amitryptiline with good results.


Subject(s)
Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Amitriptyline/therapeutic use , Child , Female , Humans , Periodicity , Syndrome , Vomiting/diagnosis , Vomiting/drug therapy , Vomiting/prevention & control
6.
West Indian med. j ; 58(3): 207-213, June 2009. graf, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-672473

ABSTRACT

Prolactin is known to have significant immunomodulatory properties. Imipramine, a monoamine oxidase inhibitor, stimulates prolactin production because it decreases dopamine which inhibits secretion of prolactin. The study objective was to determine if use of imipramine can result in immunological benefits for HIV-positive patients by restoration and preservation of immunological function. A cohort of 19 retroviral positive patients was identified for the prospective study which continued for a 28-week period. Three patients dropped out before the study began. Inclusion criteria accepted only patients on the same highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) regimen for a nine-month period and who had reached a plateau with respect to the CD4 cell count and also had no prior history of antidepressant use for a 12-month period. This study had a "before and after" design, patients serving as their own control. The study drug imipramine was prescribed for a 12-week period up to visit 4, and then discontinued for 4-weeks (washout period) at which time blood investigations were done at visit 5. Finally, patients were prescribed the study drug for a further 12-week period to the end of the trial (visit 7). At the 95 per cent probability level, significant differences in average prolactin and CD4 levels from visit 4 to the end of the trial period were recorded. Results showed a trend of prolactin levels decreasing after washout (p = 0.015) and increasing by the end of the trial period once imipramine dispensation had recommenced (p = 0.006). With respect to the CD4 cell count, there was a significant increase after wash-out (p = 0.022). These results indicate a trend to immune boosting in HIV-positive patients who had obtained the maximum response from HAART.


Se sabe que la prolactina posee importantes propiedades inmunomudolatorias. La imipramina, un inhibidor de la monoamino oxidasa, estimula la producción de la prolactina porque disminuye la dopamina, que a su vez inhibe la secreción de prolactina. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar si el uso de la imipramina puede traer beneficios inmunológicos a los pacientes VIH positivos mediante la restauración y preservación de la función inmunológica. Se identificó una cohorte de 19 pacientes retrovirales positivos, a fin de realizar este estudio prospectivo que continuó por un período de 28 semanas Tres pacientes se retiraron antes de que el estudio comenzara. Los criterios de inclusión aceptaban sólo pacientes que tuvieran el mismo régimen de terapia antiretroviral altamente activa (HAART) por un período de nueve meses, que hubieran alcanzado un nivel de estabilización con respecto al conteo de células CD4, y que no hubieran además tenido con anterioridad una historia de uso de anti-depresantes por espacio de 12 meses. Este estudio tuvo un diseño "antes y después", sirviendo los pacientes como su propio control. La imipramina para el estudio fue prescrita por un período de 12 semanas hasta la visita 4, y luego descontinuada por 4 semanas para un reposo farmacológico (período de lavado), realizándose entonces pruebas de sangre en la visita 5. Finalmente se prescribió el medicamento de estudio a los pacientes por un nuevo período de 12 semanas hasta el final del ensayo (visita 7). En el nivel de probabilidad del 95 por ciento, se registraron diferencias significativas en los niveles promedio de prolactina y CD4 desde la visita 4 hasta el final del período de ensayo. Los resultados mostraron una tendencia de los niveles de prolactina a descender tras el lavado (p = 0.015) y a aumentar hacia el final del período de ensayo, una vez que la dispensación de imipramina hubiese recomenzado (p = 0.006). Con respecto al conteo de células de CD4, hubo un aumento significativo luego del lavado (p = 0.022).


Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic/therapeutic use , HIV Infections/drug therapy , Imipramine/therapeutic use , Prolactin/drug effects , Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors/pharmacology , Anti-HIV Agents/therapeutic use , Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic/pharmacology , Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active , HIV Infections/immunology , HIV Infections/psychology , Health Status , Immune System/drug effects , Prolactin/blood , Prolactin/physiology , Prospective Studies , Viral Load
7.
An. Fac. Med. Univ. Fed. Pernamb ; 50(2): 132-137, 2005. ilus, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-443342

ABSTRACT

RESUMO: Durante o período crítico de desenvolvimento do sistema nervoso, o organismo é vulnerável a agressões de diversas naturezas, que podem acarretar transtornos morfofuncionais na vida adulta. A construção do comportamento alimentar é vulnerável a estas agressões, sendo importante para a sobrevivência da espécie e, portanto, alvo de estudos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar o efeito da manipulação farmacológica do sistema noradrenérgico, através da inibição da recaptação de noradrenalina, durante o período neonatal e as repercussões dessa agressão sobre o consumo alimentar, na vida adulta. Os animais foram tratados diariamente, durante os 21ºdias de vida com reboxetina (20mg/Kg de peso), um inibidor seletivo da recaptação de noradrenalina (NARI) ou solução salina (NaCI 0,9por cento). Aos 60 dias foi avaliado o consumo alimentar e a ingestão hídrica. Os animais tratados com salina. Concluímos que a agressão farmacológica do sistema noradrenérgico durante o perídoso neonatal, pode alterar de forma duradoura o consumo alimentar e a ingestão hídrica. Essas alterações sugerem que o tratamento pode alterar morfofucionalmente estruturas relacionadas a regulação do comportamento alimentar e da ingestão hídrica, levando a alterações comportamentais na vida adulta


Subject(s)
Animals , Adult , Rats , Breast Feeding , Drinking , Eating , Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Norepinephrine , Rats, Wistar , Body Weight , Data Interpretation, Statistical , Infant, Newborn/metabolism
8.
Braz. j. urol ; 28(1): 10-19, jan.-fev. 2002. ilus
Article in English, Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-324207

ABSTRACT

A cistite intersticial (CI) é uma doença cuja etiologia permanece desconhecida. A CI é um dos estados mais incômodos na prática urológica. Geralmente afeta mulheres, que apresenta sintomas de dor ao encherem a bexiga e freqüência urinária. A CI é uma síndrome heterogênea e é, freqüentemente, dividida em dois subtipos. Comparada à CI clássica, a do tipo näo-ulcerativa difere por apresentar aspectos sintomáticos, endoscópicos e histológicos diferentes, além da resposta aos vários tipos de tratamento. Esta revisäo é uma introduçäo à síndrome da CI, no que diz respeito a características clínicas e critérios de diagnóstico. Uma variedade de modalidades de tratamento têm sido sugeridas ao longo dos anos, e säo aqui revisadas e avaliadas, entre as quais estäo a hidrodistençäo da bexiga, a terapia de instilaçäo intravesical, a medicaçäo oral e a estimulaçäo elétrica transcutânea do nervo, a ressecçäo transuretral do tecido doente da bexiga, a cistectomia supratrigonal seguida de enterocistoplastia e derivaçäo urinário.


Subject(s)
Humans , Chondroitin Sulfates , Adjuvants, Immunologic/therapeutic use , Amitriptyline , Analgesics, Non-Narcotic/administration & dosage , Analgesics, Non-Narcotic/therapeutic use , Anesthetics, Local/administration & dosage , Anesthetics, Local/therapeutic use , Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal , BCG Vaccine , Cystectomy , Dimethyl Sulfoxide/administration & dosage , Dimethyl Sulfoxide/therapeutic use , Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation , Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors/administration & dosage , Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Lidocaine/administration & dosage , Lidocaine/therapeutic use , Pentosan Sulfuric Polyester/administration & dosage , Pentosan Sulfuric Polyester/therapeutic use , Urinary Bladder
9.
Arq. neuropsiquiatr ; 58(2B): 566-71, jun. 2000. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-264462

ABSTRACT

A participação do sistema dopaminérgico na fisiopatologia da migrânea tem sido proposta a partir de recentes conquistas genéticas. Uma possível hipereatividade dos receptores dopaminérgicos DRD2 tornou as evidências mais contundentes neste sentido. Descrevemos paciente masculino, 31 anos, portador de distonia generalizada, secundária a hipóxia perinatal. Aos 16 anos, começou a ter crises de cefaléia que preenchiam os critérios para migrânea com aura. Três anos após tratamento da distônia com tetrabenazina, observou-se nítida redução da frequência, intensidade e duração das crises. Durante dois períodos, superiores a dois meses, a interrupção do tratamento com tetrabenazina induziu piora nas crises de migrânea. Apresentamos este relato como sendo a primeira descrição na literatura mostrando efeitos benéficos da tetrabenazina, um bloqueador dos receptores dopaminérgicos, sobre o comportamento da migrânea com aura.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors/pharmacology , Dopamine Antagonists/pharmacology , Migraine with Aura/physiopathology , Tetrabenazine/pharmacology , Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Dopamine Antagonists/therapeutic use , Dystonia/drug therapy , Dystonia/etiology , Tetrabenazine/therapeutic use
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